![]() ![]() ![]() Conducting historical research on tourism within the context of the discipline of history is not synonymous with the task of writing a history of tourism (or parts of it). This is true not only of concepts and ideas associated with the topic, but also the specific insights which the disciplines employed aim to provide. At the same time, it is impossible to ignore the historical prerequisites and development of travelling habits and holidaying styles if one wants to understand the nature of tourism today. 7 However, these are perceived differently to those studies undertaken by economists and social scientists. Admittedly, cultural and social history, as well as historical anthropology, 6 have been opening up to the questions surrounding tourism for some time. Instead, there are countless empirical accounts, case studies, approaches, theories and perspectives in individual disciplines, including economy, geography, psychology, architecture, ecology, sociology, political science and medicine.Īt first, the fields of business studies and economics dominated a study of tourism that was grounded in an institutional approach 3 general accounts, 4 analyses from the cultural sciences and historical surveys 5 came conspicuously late. ![]() However, tourism studies does not exist as an integrated field of study. Today, tourism studies means the multi-disciplinary bundle of academic approaches in the sense of an undisguised "transdiscipline", 2 which can find different applications. This gives many disciplines the space to approach the subject of tourism, or at least aspects of it, from their own particular academic perspective. Since its inception, tourism has polarised: it reveals numerous views ranging from the total approval of its potential for enriching self-realisation combined with recreation to critical rejection due to the belief that it causes harm through the systematic dumbing down of entertainment and avoidable environmental destruction.īeginning in the early 1920s, an early theory of Fremdenverkehr – a now obsolete term for tourism – emerged in the German-speaking world that dealt mainly with business and economic problems since the 1960s, it has been replaced by the ever-expanding field of tourism studies. There exists a complex, interwoven world-wide structure dedicated to satisfying the specific touristic needs of mobile individuals, groups and masses. 1 They thereby supported a global system with roughly 100 million employees in the modern leisure and experience industry. Indeed, this is the branch of the global economy with the most vigorous growth: the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) estimates that in 2007 it encompassed 904 million tourists who spent 855 billion US dollars. Its importance is evident from the fact that its influence thoroughly penetrates society, politics, culture and, above all, the economy. Tourism is often seen as a global phenomenon with an almost incomprehensibly massive infrastructure. It then examines the boom in mass tourism in the 19th century and the unique expansion of tourism in the 1960s characterised by new forms of holidaying and experience shaped by globalisation. It deals with early forms of travel in the classical world and the Middle Ages, as well as the precursors of modern tourism, Bildungsreisen ("educational journeys") and the middle-class culture of travel. The present article aims to overcome this shortcoming: it seeks to present an overview of the important structures, processes, types and trends of tourism against the background of historical developments. Such accounts often leave out the fact that this also has a history. Globalised tourism's socio-economic place within the framework of the leisure and holidaying opportunities on offer today has attracted particular attention. Various academic disciplines have repeatedly sought to re-evaluate the significance of tourism. Ueli Gyr Original auf Original in German, Quelle: Beschwerde des Magistrats Frankfurt a.O.Įxpulsion of the Muslims from the Balkans ![]() "Heimkehr"? "Volksdeutsche fremder Staatsangehörigkeit" Reformierte Konfessionsmigration: Waldenser Bevölkerungstheorie und Konfessionsmigration ![]()
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